Journal Articles
Joel F. Lubar, Margaret N. Shouse
Reduced seizure incidence coupled with voluntary motor inhibition accompanied conditioned increases in the sensorimotor rhythm(SMR), a 12–14 Hz rhythm appearing over rolandic cortex. Although SMR biofeedback training has been successfully applied to various forms of epilepsy in humans, its potential use in decreasing hyperactivity has been limited to a few cases in which a seizure history was also a significant feature. The present study represents a first attempt to explore the technique's applicability to the problem of hyperkinesis independent of the epilepsy issue. The results of several months of EEG biofeedback training in a hyperkinetic child tend to corroborate and extend previous findings. Feedback presentations for SMR were contingent on the production of 12–14-Hz activity in the absence of 4–7-Hz slow-wave activity. A substantial increase in SMR occurred with progressive SMR training and was associated with enhanced motor inhibition, as gauged by laboratory measures of muscular tone(chin EMG) and by a global behavioral assessment in the classroom. Opposite trends in motor inhibition occurred when the training procedure was reversed and feedback presentations were contingent on the production of 4–7 Hz in the absence of 12–14-Hz activity. Although the preliminary nature of these results is stressed, the subject population has recently been increased to establish the validity and generality of the findings and will include the use of SMR biofeedback training after medication has been withdrawn. This research was a segment of the junior author's dissertation research.
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Neurofeedback training in children with ADHD: 6-Month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 715–724.Gevensleben, H., Holl, B., Albrecht, B., Schlamp, D., Kratz, O., Studer, P., & Heinrich H. (2010).
European Guidelines Group: European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(1), 17–37. Graham, J., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Coghill, D., Danckaerts, M, Dittman, R. W., ¡¦ Taylor, E. (2011).
Efficacy and safety of immediate release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1284–1293. Greenhill, L., Kollins, S., Abikoff, H., McCraken, J., Riddle, M., Swanson, J., ¡¦ Cooper, T.(2006).
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Training of slow cortical potentials in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for positive behavioral and neurophysiological effects. Biological Psychiatry, 55(7), 772–775. Heinrich, H., Gevensleben, H., Freisleder, F. J., Moll, G. H., & Rothenberger, A. (2004).
Nonpharmacological treatments for ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Attention Disorders, 18(4), 275–82.Hodgson, K., Hutchinson, A. D., & Denson, L. (2012).
Specific effects of neurofeedback on impulsivity in ADHD. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 18, 95–104. Holtmann, M., Grasmann, D., Cionek-Szpak, E., Hager, V., Panzer, N., Beyer, A., & Stadler, C. (2009).
Disruptive insights in psychiatry: Transforming a clinical discipline. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 119(4), 700–705. Insel, T. R. (2009).
3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(8), 989–1002.Jensen, P. S., Arnold, L. E., Swanson, J. M., Vitiello B., Abikoff, H. B., Greenhill, L. L., ¡¦Hur, K. (2007).
Neurofeedback for children with ADHD: A comparison of SCP and Theta/Beta protocols. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 32, 73–88.Leins U., Goth G., Hinterberger T., Klinger, C., Rumpf, N., & Strehl, U. (2007).
Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters, 394, 216–221. Levesque, J., Beauregard, M., & Mensour, B. (2006).
EEG & behavioral changes in a hyperkinetic child concurrent with training of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR): A preliminary report. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 3, 293–306. Lubar, J. F., & Shouse, M. N. (1976).
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Ending the evidentiary & insurance reimbursement bias against neurofeedback to treat ADHD: It will take clinician action in addition to the compelling science. Journal of Neurotherapy, 17, 93–105. Pigott, H. E., Bodenhamer-Davis, E., Davis, R. E., & Harbin, H. (2013).
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Neurofeedback and basic learning theory: Implications for research and practice. Journal of Neurotherapy, 15, 292–304.Sherlin, L. H., Arns, M., Lubar, J., Heinrich, H., Kerson, C., Strehl, U., & Sterman, M. B.(2011).
Operant conditioning of EEG rhythms and Ritalin in the treatment of hyperkinesis. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 4, 299-312.Shouse, M. N. & Lubar, J. F. (1979).
Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 275–289.Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Brandeis, D., Cortese, S., Daley, D., Ferrin, M., Holtmann, M., ¡¦ & Sergeant, J. (2013).
Neurofeedback and cognitive attention training for children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in schools. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 35, 18–27. Steiner, N. J., Frenette, E. C., Rene, K. M., Brennan, R. T., & Perrin, E. C. (2014a).
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